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Resumen
Los estudios de distribución y asociación espacial, dentro del análisis geográfi co, se
presentan como importantes abordajes metodológicos en el ámbito de la Geografía Médica
aplicada a la población urbana. El Análisis Exploratorio de Datos Espaciales (AEDE) brinda una
serie de técnicas que permiten modelizar la estructura espacial de características analizadas en
variables individuales y sus correlaciones. Fueron obtenidos resultados a través de cartografía
temática y gráfi cos interactivos con el objetivo de estudiar la distribución espacial de
diagnósticos de enfermedades y su relación con el mapa social de la ciudad de Luján (Argentina).
El descubrimiento de un comportamiento espacial inverso entre datos originales y datos índices
llevó a focalizar el estudio en los diagnósticos espacial de enfermedades mentales.
Palabras clave: geografía médica, AEDE, análisis espacial, SADE, SIG.
Abstract
Spatial distributions and associations studies, with-in geographical analysis, are presented
as important methodological approaches in the fi eld of Medical Geography applied to the urban
population. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) provides a number of techniques to model
the spatial structure characteristics analyzed in individual variables and their correlations.
Results were obtained through thematic mapping and interactive graphics in order to study
the spatial distribution of disease diagnosis and its relationship with the social map of the city
of Luján (Argentina). The discovery of an inverse spatial behavior between original data and
index data led to focus the study on the diagnosis of mental illnesses.
Keywords: Medical Geography, ESDA, Spatial Analysis, SDSS, GIS.
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Resumen
El bloqueo de la deriva litoral provocó signifi cativos impactos en las costas de Mar del Plata y Necochea, Buenos Aires, Argentina. En algunos sectores, la construcción de espigones no dio los mismos resultados que tuvieron entre los años sesenta a ochenta. Se especula que la deriva litoral ha disminuido. Hubo varios intentos de estimar este transporte litoral, o al menos la magnitud de las olas y tormentas que son determinantes de ese transporte. La compilación de estimaciones dispersas sobre el tema confi rmó que la deriva potencial calculada a partir de datos de ola no se corresponde con la efectiva en relación a la disponibilidad de arena en el sistema litoral. Esta falta de arena ocurre donde se produjo un aumento en la frecuencia de corrientes rips por largo de playa.
Palabras clave: Deriva litoral, variaciones temporales, Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata.
Abstract
The blocking of the longshore drift has caused signifi cant impacts along the Mar del Plata and Necochea coastline, Buenos Aires, Argentina. In certain sectors, groyne construction is not giving the same results they did in the sixties to eighties. It was speculated that potential longshore drift has diminished. Several attempts have tried to estimate this transport, or at least the magnitude of waves and storms that seem to have a signifi cant role with this transport. A compilation of scattered data about the subject confi rms a minimum drift amount of 100,000 m3/year. However, certain issues should be considered. The number of storms per year (locally called “sudestadas”) has a signifi cant weight in the northwards coastal transport. As wave statistics is completely dependent on the location where they are measured, wavebased models should be handled with much care. Groyne fi elds increase the density of rip currents and therefore are responsible for a reduction of the longshore transport. However, there are natural variations of the coastal dynamics and transport that are also explaining morphological changes that occurred during the Holocene.
Keywords: Longshore drift, spatial variations, Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata.
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Resumen
Las obras de abrigo del Puerto de Mar del Plata obstruyeron el transporte litoral desde su
construcción a principios del siglo XX. Por refracción del oleaje, un banco se forma en el acceso
al puerto y disminuyen los aportes sedimentarios al norte. Esta situación obliga a dragados
frecuentes y al repoblamiento artifi cial de playas, con importantes inversiones económicas.
Dichas estrategias fueron meros paliativos y no solucionaron el problema de obstaculización de
la deriva costera. Estos problemas de deriva litoral también afectaron la desembocadura del río
Tweed (Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia). Para evitar sus consecuencias se efectivizó una planta de
“bypassing”. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: a) comparar las variables naturales y humanas
que infl uyen en la dinámica litoral y navegabilidad en ambos sitios, y b) analizar y discutir
las técnicas de mejoramiento aplicados en ambas costas . El método de trabajo involucra
una revisión cartográfi ca, la sistematización de datos e información recopilada, la formulación
de propuestas y recomendaciones. De la comparación de ambos sitios, se concluye que las
estrategias implementadas en la costa australiana respetaron la dinámica costera y aseguraron
su sostenibilidad, mejorando la seguridad en la navegación, y la conservación de los hábitats
para organismos marinos. En el litoral de Mar del Plata, las técnicas implementadas no dieron
los resultados esperados, a pesar de los costos económicos, ambientales y sociales de su puesta en práctica. Las diferencias ameritan que se considere la conveniencia e implementación de la
técnica de “bypassing” en Mar del Plata.
Palabras clave: dinámica costera - refulado – Puerto de Mar del Plata – Tweed River –
sistema de bypass.
Abstract
The port of Mar del Plata altered sediment dynamics since it was built at the beginning of
the XX century. Due to the diffraction on waves, the access to the port is partially clogged,
reducing the sediment inputs to the North. This situation requires a frequent dredging and
beach nourishment repopulation with signifi cant economic investments. These strategies were
palliatives and do not solve the problem: the obstruction of the coastal drift. The objectives
of this exploratory work are: a) compare the human and natural variables that infl uence
coastal dynamics and navigability, in two coastal sites that have similar erosion problems,
the port of Mar del Plata (Argentina) and the mouth of the Tweed River, New South Wales
(Australia), and b) to analyse and discuss the technique of “sand bypassing” applied by the
Australian government, to address the sand defi cit at the beach of Gold Coast. The method
involves are cartographic review, and the development of the theoretical framework and
systematization of data and information is analysed from a comparison of the two sites. It was
observed remediation strategies implemented in the Australian coastal respected the coastal
dynamics and ensured its sustainability. Also, it improve the navigation safety and the effect
of waves and habitat conservation for marine organisms improved. On the contrary, in Mar del
Plata, traditional techniques to recover the port and beaches have not yielded the expected
results, despite the economic, environmental and social aspects of its implementation. It is
recommended that the technique of “sand bypassing” should be implemented in Mar del Plata
harbour.
Keywords: Coastal dynamics, sand bypassing, nourishment, Mar del Plata, Tweed River.
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Resumen
Desertifi cação constitui um desafi o ambiental mundial e representa um risco para
mais de 100 países. O seu impacto é maior nos países em desenvolvimento, visto
que pode aumentar a fome, a desnutrição e o êxodo rural. Este artigo investiga a
suscetibilidade à desertifi cação no estado do Maranhão, na zona de transição entre a
Amazônia, o Cerrado e o semiárido da região Nordeste do Brasil. Para este propósito,
foram interpolados espacialmente dados de 73 estações pluviométricas em operação em
todo o Estado. Cerca de 20,1% (66.854 km2) do Maranhão é suscetível a desertifi cação,
afetando aproximadamente de 361 mil habitantes. Coincidentemente, os municípios
com maior risco de desertifi cação estão entre os menos desenvolvidos e mais pobres
do estado do Maranhão e do Brasil. Os riscos são elevados entre a população indígena
(55,2% da população indígena total do Estado). Os resultados chamam a atenção para a
necessidade de maior sensibilização do público e de desenvolvimento e implementação
de políticas e estratégias de gestão destinadas a combater e se adaptar aos riscos da
desertifi cação, a fi m de evitar o aumento da pobreza rural, a insegurança alimentar e
o êxodo rural.
Palabras clave: clima, evapotranspiração, índice de aridez.
Abstract
Desertifi cation constitutes a worldwide environmental challenge and poses a risk
to over 100 countries. Its impact is greater in developing countries, as it can increase
hunger, malnutrition and rural exodus. This paper investigates the susceptibility to
desertifi cation in the State of Maranhão, in the transition zone between Amazonia,
the inland Cerrado savannas and the semi-arid Northeast Provinces of Brazil. For
this purpose, we spatially interpolate data from 73 rainfall stations in operation
throughout the state. About 20.1% (66,854 km2) of Maranhão is susceptible to
desertifi cation, affecting an estimated 361 thousand inhabitants. Coincidentally, the
municipalities with desertifi cation risk are among the least developed and poorest of
Maranhão State and of Brazil. Exposure is especially high in the indigenous population
(55.2% of the State´s total indigenous population). Our results demand an increased
public awareness and call for the development and implementation of policy and
management strategies designed to combat and adapt to desertifi cation risks, in order
to avoid increased rural poverty, food insecurity and further rural exodus.
Keywords: Climate, evapotranspiration, aridity-index.
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Resumen
Los instrumentos de planifi cación territorial son documentos esenciales que contribuyen
al ordenamiento del espacio. Este artículo discute algunos instrumentos aplicados en Francia
y establece un paralelo con los aplicados en Chile. Además, interpela al rol del Estado en la
planifi cación territorial y pone en evidencia la falta que en Chile existe de instrumentos de
planifi cación, estableciendo un debate de las consecuencias de esto y los desafíos futuros en la
materia. Se concluye que en Chile existen áreas donde pese a la existencia de instrumentos, su
aplicación no ha podido entregar respuestas a los desafíos actuales, lo cual tendría un directo
impacto en el bienestar de la población. Por otra parte, se analiza la opacidad en términos
normativos de la vocación territorial del Estado chileno y las garantías que puede ofrecer éste a
sus habitantes para generar un equilibrio espacial, resolver las problemáticas urbanas actuales
o garantizar un igualitario acceso a determinados servicios básicos.
Palabras clave: Instrumentos de planifi cación territorial, políticas territoriales, Chile.
Abstract
Territorial planning tools are essential documents that will contribute to the organization
of space. This article discusses some of the tools applied in France and establishes a parallel
with those applied in Chile. In addition, it questions the government’s role regarding territorial
planning and the fact that Chile doesn´t have suffi cient planning tools, establishing a discussion
of the consequences of this and future challenges in the fi eld. This article concludes that
there are areas in Chile where, despite the availability of tools, their actual application has
failed to deliver answers to the current challenges, which has had a direct impact on the
population’s welfare. Moreover, the opacity is analyzed in normative terms regarding the
territorial vocation of the Chilean government and the guarantees that it can offer to its
citizens to generate a spatial equilibrium, resolve current urban problems or ensure equal
access to certain basic services.
Keywords: Territorial planning instruments, Territorial policies, Chile.
